parallel structure

Writers need to make sure to use consistent grammatical construction when placing two or more items in a series.  This concept is known as parallel structure.


Awkward parallel structure:

  • Students in online classes often experience frustration, isolation, and feel less connected with their instructors.


Improved parallel structure:

  • Students in online classes often experience frustration, sense isolation, and feel less connected with their instructors.
  • Students in online classes often experience frustration and isolation and feel less connected with their instructors.

 

Examples from professional writers:

And all the data must be accumulated, organized, and analyzed, first by the sponsor of the vaccine, then by regulators.

Miller, H. (2020). A Covid vaccine: Faster, please, The Wall Street Journal, April 23, 2020.

Notice that you can analyze the sentence in the following manner:

And all the data must be

  • accumulated,
  • organized, and
  • analyzed,

first

  • by the sponsor of the vaccine, then
  • by regulators.

__________________________________________________


His cultivated approach to hitting–his thoughtfulness, his patience, his need for decisions to be informed rather than reckless–was regarded by the Boston Red Sox as a deficiency.

Lewis, M. (2004). Moneyball: The art of winning an unfair game. New York: W.W. Norton & Company. (p. 177)

Notice that you can analyze the sentence in the following manner:

His cultivated approach to hitting–

  • his thoughtfulness,
  • his patience,
  • his need for decisions to be informed rather than reckless–

was regarded by the Boston Red Sox as a deficiency.

__________________________________________________

Bitcoin businesses still had to be licensed by these states, which in turn required them to explain their unfamiliar activities to each state’s agency and to prove they had compliance procedures in place to prevent money laundering and other nefarious uses of money-transfer systems. Getting licensed was laborious, unpredictable, bureaucratic, and lengthy.

Vigna, P. & Casey, M.J. (2015). The age of cryptocurrency: How bitcoin and the blockchain are challenging the global economic order. New York: Picador (p. 256)

Notice that you can analyze these two sentences in the following manner:

Bitcoin business still had to be licensed by these states, which in turn required them

  • to explain their unfamiliar activities to each state’s agency and
  • to prove they had compliance procedures in place to prevent money laundering and other nefarious uses of money-transfer systems.

Getting licensed was

  • laborious,
  • unpredictable,
  • bureaucratic, and
  • lengthy.